Birth Control Essay - 1027 Words

Birth control pills should be available without a prescription. Oral contraceptive has been a controversial topic for years. Oral contraceptives are a common form of birth control. Birth control is used to prevent pregnancy by blocking a male’s sperm from fertilizing a female’s egg. Women take birth control to prevent pregnancy. Also, teen women can prevent unwanted pregnancies by having access to over the counter birth control pills. Birth control pills should be available without a prescription. The first reason birth control pills should be available without a prescription is that other countries allow women to purchase birth control pills without a prescription. Nations like China, Russia, and Greece have made birth control pills†¦show more content†¦Women do not have to set an appointment with their doctor and having to wait a week or more for their appointment.But with the over the counter birth control, consumers can go to their local pharmacy and pick up their birth control pills. When over the counter pills are easier to access, the more patient will use it. Everybody in America should be able to receive birth control (Laura Bassett). Some women do not have access to a doctor which makes it harder for them to have birth control. Having over the counter birth control pill will be easier for people to have. The final and most important reason birth control pills should be available without a prescription is because birth control pills prevent unwanted pregnancy.Most women that dont want a baby will consider the over the counter pill( Grossman, Daniel). Women use birth control pills to prevent pregnancy. â€Å"Birth control over the counter pills helps reduce the pregnancy rate in the United States†( Grossman, Daniel). When women or teens use birth control due to unprotected sex. Women use birth control because they know how effective it is. Most reasons women use birth control is to prevent unwanted pregnancy. The birth control protects women from unwanted pregnancy. On the other hand, experts believe that birth control pills should not be available without a prescription because of the risks and the decrease inShow MoreRelatedBirth Control Essay1027 Words   |  5 PagesMcadam English 3 April 16, 2013 Birth Control, Why be Frowned Upon? Birth control is a way to prevent your daughter from having a kid as a kid, not a statement telling her that it is okay to freely have sex. If you know and understand that your daughter is having sex, wouldn’t you want the peace of mind that she is being safe, and protected? There are several ways to take birth control, and the doctor will choose the best method for the patient. Birth control has a 99% protection rate whenRead More Birth Control Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pageshow to gain control over reproduction, in essence, how to prevent unwanted pregnancies. This is a challenge, even today, in an age of technological advancements, mass communication and education. However, through the years, the spread of information and awareness surrounding birth control has resulted in its increased availability and an improvement in the lives of both men and women. People are very clever and ingenious and have, throughout history, devised a variety of birth control methods. TheRead MoreBirth Control Essay931 Words   |  4 PagesBirth Control Birth Control is defined as various ways used to prevent pregnancy from occurring. Birth Control has been a concern for humans for thousands of years. The first contraception devices were mechanical barriers in the vagina that prevented the male sperm from fertilizing the female egg. Other methods of birth control that were used in the vagina were sea sponges, mixtures of crocodile dung and honey, quinine, rock salt and alum. Birth Control was of interest for a long time, butRead MoreEssay On Birth Control1108 Words   |  5 PagesBirth control is a form of contraception that helps control fertility and allows women to decide whether they would like to have a baby or not. The product was first introduced by Margaret Sanger in 1914 she coined the term â€Å"birth control† and opened a clinic in Brownsville, Brooklynn, making it what we now know today as Planned Parenthood. There are many forms of birth control such as the implant, shot, pills, IUD, condoms, and many more metho ds. They help with regulating period flow, acne, weightRead MoreEssay on Birth Control 1960 Words   |  8 Pagesfor Disease Control conducted a study on contraceptive use; their findings concluded â€Å"four out of five women have used birth control pills† during one point of their lives (Basset). Birth control pills have been around for over six decades, and their popularity has significantly increased during the past decade. Thousands of sexually-active women are turning to birth control pills as a way to prevent unplanned pregnancy, regulate periods, and to control acne. Nonetheless, birth control pills are syntheticRead MoreEssay On Birth Control1824 Words   |  8 Pagesto make birth control widely available so that women could limit the size of their families. She introduced the idea that birth control was vital to the well-being of women and their families. On the other hand, some people thought that it was an immoral affront to God. Birth control is important to th e achievement of womens rights. With the help of Margaret Sanger and her leadership skills, birth control is used to demonstrate female rights, control family sizes, and prevent the births of unwantedRead MoreBirth Control and the Government Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pagesparticular point of debate is the topic of birth control and the government. A dangerous couple, it raises the question of who should have control over contraceptive laws and what controls involving them should be put in place? Currently, under the Obama Administration, the Affordable Care Act and â€Å"Obamacare† have been created. One of the sections of this new plan creates a mandate which requires private businesses to provide insurance that covers birth control costs. The government should not be ableRead MoreBirth Control Rights Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesArguing Birth Control Rights: Should Women have the Right to Birth Control? Birth control helps to control your menstrual cycle and helps prevent pregnancies all over the world, in women lives. 98% women in the world are taking birth control or have taken birth control throughout their life time. On October 6, 2017 Trump Administration released a new rule stating that any employer with religious or moral objections to refuse to comply with the Affordable Care Act requirement. The corresponding ruleRead MoreThe Birth Control Movement Essay example1442 Words   |  6 Pagesunregulated policies, the most prominent of these, the birth control movement. The documents from chapter six of Constructing the American Past show that at its core, the birth control debate was a multifaceted social dispute with, religious political and racial influences. Margaret Sanger’s monthly publication The Woman Rebel released its first issue in 1914, creating a nationwide dispute concerning the publication and distribution of birth control devices. However, Sanger’s initial goal went beyondRead MoreBirth Control Persuasive Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pagesmessage is sent through regulation and poor modifications to progressive mandates such as Trump’s recent adjustments to the Affordable Care Act. These ‘adjustments’ or ‘new rules’ intend to provide an ‘out’ for employers who object to providing birth control coverage through their insurance policies. Employers now have the right to deny this coverage due to moral and/or religious reasons, but no documentation of this is required to opt out. This simple rule puts approximately 55 million women, currently

The Value Of Swot Analysis Essay - 1459 Words

Executive Summary Contents Acknowledgements This candidate would like to thank his supervisor, Professor Ted Woodberg, for his inspiration and guidance, without which this project would not have been possible. Gratitude also goes to the colleagues in Cornell and the Marketing Manager---Michael Boyens, who have provided me precious support and encouragement. 1 Introduction 2. Finding 2.1 Theory There can be no manner of doubt about the value of SWOT analysis in the business filed. It helps managers to consider essential aspects of environment in their organization and help them to organize their ideas. During the process of making decision, managers should consider about the alternatives that based on SWOT in the organization (Panagiotou, 2003). Coman and Ronen (2009) point out that the excellent point of SWOT is the internal scrutiny of the capabilities in an organization, as a leading tool, the scrutiny of internal weaknesses is followed by external threats and opportunities; it makes the management of company possible to seek markets or business opportunities that create value and identify potential matters which may threaten is position or value. Despite there exist many problems when using it, SWOT analysis still remain a major strategic tool for listing the strengths and weaknesses of an organization SWOT: Strengths and weaknesses are defined as internal factors, and opportunities and threats are classified into external factors. The organization canShow MoreRelatedValue Chain And Swot Analysis1088 Words   |  5 PagesVALUE CHAIN AND VRIO ANALYSIS Value chain analysis The value chain analysis determines all the elements of value chain significantly add or subtract value for Brinker International, Inc. (EAT). The competitor is Darden Restaurant, Inc. (DRI) in this value chain analysis. The time frame is March, 2016 and the preceding three to five year strategic horizon. The data resources used from 10-K 2015 of EAT and DRI. The two elements of the value chain most significantly add or subtract value for EAT areRead MoreSwot Analysis : Value Chain1514 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Value chain analysis has proven to be a useful tool for knowing how an organization can create the greatest value for its customers. Michael Porter (1985) in his book competitive advantage states that â€Å"understanding how a business creates value are essential elements for developing a competitive advantage.† [1]. According to porter (1985) value chain is â€Å"the process view of an organization, the idea of seeing an organization as a system, made up of subsystems each with inputs, transformationRead MoreSWOT and Value Chain Analysis of McDonalds1401 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Case analysis On McDonalds Sadikchya Acharya Kings College International American University Babarmahal, Kathmandu MBA Capstone Prof. Dr. Raj Kumar Sharma International American University Kings College Babarmahal, Kathmandu Introduction and Background McDonalds as establishes in 1955 corporation and the multinational was first started by form Roy, it has its global operation for more than 119 countries selling its food items globally specially Korc. Currently as we see the data there areRead MoreSwot and Value Chain Analysis of Under Armour1844 Words   |  8 PagesCase Study: UNDER ARMOUR SWOT Analysis S – Strength Under Armour can became the first in US is because they have great product. Under Armour has a significant impact, so an analyst should put more weight into it. This statement will has a short-term positive impact on this entity, which add to its value. This statement will lead to an increase profits for this entity. Loyalty Under Armour have their own market, they will not loss the any customer from this market, and this type benefit alsoRead MoreSmartphone Industry and Apples Iphone Analysis1350 Words   |  6 Pages Outline Industry Analysis Why? Driving Forces Dominant Features Five Forces Strategy Group Map Key Success Factors Company Analysis Overview Value Chain Analysis SWOT Analysis Competencies Business Analysis Competitive Strategy Recommen dations Outline Industry Analysis Why? Driving Forces Smart-phones allow users to: ï‚ž ï‚ž ï‚ž ï‚ž ï‚ž Dominant Features Five Forces Strategy Group Map Key Success Factors Company Analysis Overview Value Chain Analysis SWOT Analysis e-mail, internet storeRead MoreThe Mckinsey 7-S Framework Jointly Used with the Swot Analysis1030 Words   |  5 Pagescontinuous analysis and advancement so as to survive in a competitive environment .Managers can use various tools to guide them in their analysis .Analysis can be internallyor externally or both. In analysing internally a manager can use jointly McKinney’s 7 S framework and swot analysis as tools .The Mckinsey’s model shows and help to ensure the coordination and behaviour of the internal operational activities necessary for a successful operation of an organisation whilst the SWOT analysis is the assessmentRead MoreStrategic Planning : Inside Out And Outside1020 Words   |  5 PagesStrategic Planning Internal and External Analysis Two approaches to strategy: Inside out and outside in. Either: Evaluate own capabilities; develop products or services you can develop (inside out) Look for needs in marketplace and relate them to your own capabilities (outside in) Team work: Read Tactics Are the New Strategy and prepare answers to questions 1. Is the author’s use of Axl Rose of Guns N Roses an accurate portrayal of the new reality or is it indicative of a problem with Axl Rose’sRead MoreLancer Gallery733 Words   |  3 PagesJialei Wang Strategy Dr. Alan Smith March 9, 2016 Chapter 6 Homework 1) Describe SWOT analysis as a way to guide internal analysis. How does this approach reflect the basic strategic management process? It is a widely used technique where managers create a quick overview of a company’s strategic situation. The basic premise behind SWOT analysis is that an effective strategy derives from a sound â€Å"fit† between a firm’s internal strengths and weaknesses and its external situation. The ideaRead MoreSwot Analysis For A Pharmacy844 Words   |  4 Pagesbusinesses do SWOT analysis for improvement. I work at a leading pharmacy in Newark, so I decided to do a SWOT analysis on it. This pharmacy started business in 2012. I chose this business because it is the ideal business to do the SWOT analysis on, as it has its advantages and disadvantages. The SWOT analysis allowed me to find all the flaws as well as advantages of the pharmacy as well as ways to improve and to protect it from threats. If a business has many weaknesses, the SWOT analysis can help theRead MoreSwot Analysis : Strategic Management1585 Words   |  7 Pagestools and analysis techniques, which will implement, evaluate and control the general direction of a company. This is done through strategy formulation which begins with a situational analysis that emphasizes the monitoring and evaluating of external opportunities and threats in light of a corporation ´s strengths and weaknesses (Wheelen and Hunger, 2006; Saloner et al., 2001). The objective of this paper is to describe, analyze and discuss advantages and disadvantages of a concept named SWOT, which

American Airlines Swot Analysis Essay Example For Students

American Airlines Swot Analysis Essay HISTORY OF AMERICAN AIRLINES American Airlines, Inc. (AA) is a major airline of the United States. It is the worlds largest airline in regards to accumulated passenger miles. American Airlines took off on April 15, 1926 when Charles Lindbergh flew a bag of mail from Chicago to St. Luis in a DH-4 biplane. A year later the first passenger flight flew from Boston to New York, heralding the real first passenger airplane travel by American Airlines. A subsidiary of AMR Corporation, the head quarters of American Airlines is in Fort Worth, Texas adjacent to the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. American operates scheduled flights throughout the United States and flights to Canada, Latin America, the Caribbean, Europe, Japan, the Peoples Republic of China, and India. On June 25, 1936 American Airlines flew the world’s first commercial DC-3 trip from Chicago to New York. In 1941, American Airlines starting serving Mexico. In 1953, American Airlines began non-stop transcontinental service using DC-7’s. On January 25, 1959 American was the first airline to introduce coast to coast jet service with the introduction of Boeing 707’s. In 1981 the AA advantage program which is the frequent flyer project, was introduced. American Airline holds the distinction of many firsts in the aviation history. By regularly adding new airplanes it has kept pace with the changing face of technology and requirements. American Airlines is credited with the introduction of the first true in flight meal services. The airlines have evolved with the invention of newer airplanes that are capable of carrying more passengers to meet the growing need of people to fly. Traffic control system and ticket reservation system are also the innovations of American Airlines (History of American Airlines, 2006). MISSION STATEMENT AMR Corporation is committed to providing every citizen of the world with the highest quality air travel to the widest selection of destinations possible. AMR will continue to modernize its fleet while maintaining its position as the largest air carrier in the world, with a goal of becoming the most profitable airline. AMR is the airline that treats everyone with equal care and respect, which is reflected in the way each AMR employee is respected. AMR recognizes that its employees are the key to the airlines success and invests in the futures and lives of its employees. By investing in tomorrow’s technologies and by following a strict adherence towards environmental regulations, AMR demonstrates its commitment to the world environment (History of American Airlines, 2006). CUSTOMER SERVICE PLAN American Airlines and American Eagle are in business to provide safe, dependable and friendly air transportation to our customers, along with numerous related services. We are dedicated to making every flight you take with us something special. Your safety, comfort and convenience are our most important concerns (Customer Commitment, 2009). AMERICAN AIRLINES ORGANIZATIONAL STRENGTHS Constructing a profitable schedule is of utmost importance to an American Airlines because its profitability is critically influenced by its flight offerings. AA’s fleet assignment involves assigning aircraft types to flight legs which will maximize revenue and minimize operating cost. American Airlines knows that in order to be profitable they have to be equipped to service their passengers to ensure they have the ultimate experience in air travel. This will assure that they have repeat passengers and new customers. Their fleet is definitely an organizational strength as it enables AA to keep up with the demands of air travel. By having such a large size fleet of aircraft, AA is able to service their passenger’s needs. As of October 2009, the American Airlines fleet consists of 603 aircraft. The large size of fleet of AA is definitely a distinctive competence as they are the third largest fleet of airlines in the world (History of American Airlines, 2006). Another strength is definitely AA’s their customer service skills. American Airlines trains its’ staff members in superior customer service skills. Being able to assist customers in their travel needs puts American Airlines above the rest of the airlines in customer service. They train their staff to uphold the mission statement and manage customer expectations. With the competition in air travel, AA’s customer service skills would be considered a distinctive competence. This is proven by its number of repeat customers and rise in new customers. AA has nonstop and seasonal routes throughout the US and also internationally. They make it possible for people to travel to all parts of the world while experiencing superior air travel. They help the public to get to where they want and need to go. American Airline’s schedule design involves determining when and where to offer flights such that profits are maximized. American revolutionary war 2 EssayAnother major threat to American Airlines is a plague or terrorist attack anywhere in the world. This can negatively affect air travel. After 9-11, people were more reluctant to fly which posed a threat to the airline industry. It can be detrimental and if lucky, only cause flight delays and increased security measures. Planes have to turn back in order to investigate to see if the threat is valid or not. This puts pressure on passengers and causes inconveniences to say the least. It poses a security threat to passengers, crew and airport facilities. This can be attributed to the political-legal dimension of the general environment. Most bomb threats are politically motivated and results in a disruption of the normal activities of the airline and facilities where the device is purportedly placed. Anxiety and panic are created as well due to the bomb threat. More training has been implemented after 9-11 in how to deal with these types of situations. The legal dimension allows for new laws and regulations to ensure safety to the airline industry and its passengers. AMERICAN AIRLINES STRATEGIES AND CONCLUSION The global financial crisis is threatening the air transport sector in two ways: Demand for air travel in many of the most lucrative markets is declining and airlines are finding it enormously difficult to get financing for their deliveries planned in 2009. Banks are not willing to lend money due to the risk involved. After I have completed the SWOT Analysis on American Airlines I think they are using the Differentiation strategy. They continue to strive to be the best in customer service and keeping their clients satisfied in order to prolong good customer relations. They are upholding their mission statement and vision in these tough economic times which are rough for everyone. I would recommend that American Airlines cut out their most unprofitable routes in order to maximize profit. This reduces their revenue and increases their costs. They could also look into retiring the older aircraft that have proven to be more costly in upkeep and maintenance. They are just too expensive to keep on their books. They could also look into mergers and acquisitions mainly in international destinations to boosts profit and revenue on a global scale. The link-up with international airlines is a great way to prime the pump during this financial crisis. More revenue will be generated and they can become more marketable in the international arena once they continue to uphold their high standards in the airline industry. REFERENCES Customer Commitment, (2009). American Airlines. Retrieved November 8, 2009 http://www. aa. com/i18n/aboutUs/customerCommitment/main. jsp Flanagan, M. (2009, October 25). British Airways link-up with American Airlines set to go-ahead. Scotland on Sunday. Retrieved on November 15, 2009. http://business. scotsman. com/business/British-Airwayslinkup-with. 763913. jp History of American Airlines, (2006). Associated Content/Business and Finance. Retrieved November 8, 2009 http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/31923/history_of_american_airlines. html? cat=3 Reed, D. (2008 May 21). American Airlines to cut about 300 flights. USA Today. Retrieved November 8, 2009 http://www. usatoday. com/travel/flights/2008-0 5-21-american-airlines-capacity-cuts_N. htm Stewart, D. R. (2009 October 21). American Airlines loses $359 million in third quarter. Tulsa World. Retrieved November 8, 2009 http://www. tulsaworld. com/business/article. aspx? subjectid=45articleid=20091021_45_0_AMRCor843194

Open Campus free essay sample

Student rights earned My name is Diana V. I am a student at Foothill High School and I am writing an essay on whether or not high schools should have an open lunch campus. Here are some of my ideas. I believe sophomores and higher grade levels should be able to leave for lunch and come back by the next class. When the school keeps students on campus it makes the students want to leave. First of all, the food isnt as good as it would be for ex. At McDonalds or Taco bell, everyone knows cafeteria food is not that appetizing. For students to concentrate better, dont we need a good meal? I think so. Second of all, if the school is concerned about students ditching classes, it wouldnt be such a bad idea to keep track of attendance after lunch. Confront the student about their skipping and punish them for it. We will write a custom essay sample on Open Campus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Punishment could mean cleaning the tables after everyone at lunch, after school detention, or taking away off campus privileges. Third of all, when students leave campus and COME BACK, it shows dedication to return and learn. Also students learn responsibility and its helping us be ready for our independent life as adults. Thank you for taking your time reading this:) Report Post Like Reply13 Yes, remember the good old days When people dont confine them to a little bubble for fear that there is a 0. 00001% chance something remotely bad will happen? People today are so scared for tiny, trivial things. More freedom would bring more experience in life, more fun, and more choices. Things are going to happen anyways, why not have some fun? In addition, bored students are not good learners. Some students would rather stare at a black wall than sit through class. A little break outside of campus will definitely reinvigorate them. Report Post Like Reply10 Yes, but with reasonable limitations. High school is an important transitional time. Children start becoming adults, and that transformation should include new freedoms and responsibilities. An open campus, particularly for seniors, is an important step to the independence of adulthood that the students will experience upon finishing high school. However, an open campus is probably not appropriate for freshmen or sophomores. Additionally, there should be restrictions in place to prevent students from abusing the system, such as revoking open campus rights if a student fails to attend scheduled classes. Report Post Like Reply20 Yes, But In A Limited Way Only The open campus policy is okay as long as there are strictly enforced rules. Typically, only seniors should be able to leave campus for lunch, since many of them are closing in on legal age. Freshmen, however, shouldnt be allowed to leave. Plus, the open campus policy should be treated as a privilege that can be taken away. Posted by: rpr Report Post Like Reply Challenge00 We should be able to have an open campus I think that we should have an open campus. An open campus would let everyone have fresh air at least once a day. We are stuck inside for seven and a half hours a day! We go into school in the morning when the sun is still down, the teachers have the shades on the windows shut to keep the cold air out, and we leave school when the sun is up and when you walk outside for the first time in seven hours, the sun is really bright and it hurts your eyes. When we get home we have homework and chores to do, and some kids have jobs that are also inside! And when they get home it might be dark and cold outside and they might have other responsibilities they have to do. I think an open campus would be a good thing in our school because it would free up space in the cafeteria so we wouldn’t be as crammed as we are now and it would be a chance to get fresh air in our lungs. I think that kids should be able to go to subway or Frank’s for lunch. Students should learn the ways of choice, time management, and comprehension of the real world if we leave for lunches. Open campus would give students the chance to prove that they can be responsible and manage time like they would have to do with a job.. It would also give students a chance to get a little break from school then come back and be ready to focus. Report Post Like Reply00 Support the economy Profit of local restaurants and fast food places will increase, due to the rise of high school customers. Also the school lunches are loaded with preservatives and additives. The quality of the food is very poor, and not everyone is obese. Why do the rest of us need to eat this crap for lunch. Report Post Like Reply00 Students should learn the ways of choice, time management, and comprehension of the real world if we leave for lunches. Open campus would give students the chance to prove that they can be responsible, and manage time like they would have to do with a job. Students should also have the chance to select there own food, so that they can select healthier products. It would also give students a chance to get a little break from school then come back and be ready to focus. Report Post Like Reply00 I think Juniors and Seniors should have an open campus policy. We should allow this policy as a privilege for Juniors and Seniors. Other schools allow it as a privilege for good grades and citizenship. I believe that the policy would be a good incentive for students to get better grades. The ability to leave early, arrive late, leave during study halls (then return for next period), and leaving to go out to lunch (returning by next period), would be something I would be willing to work for and an inspiration to get good grades. It also shows responsibility that a student can leave and return on their own. Report Post

Free Essays on Edward Abbeys Deep Ecology

in defense of the American West, Provides us with his look specifically correlating with the ideas of deep ecology. We need wilderness because we are wild animals... Because... Free Essays on Edward Abbey's Deep Ecology Free Essays on Edward Abbey's Deep Ecology Edward Abbey’s Deep Ecology In a growing world of consumerism, some questions exist on the horizon of our generation. Is our population growing too fast? Should we save the wilderness? Should we take measures now to save the wilderness? Consequently when pondering these, some new questions arise. Do we value consumerism more than our natural habitat? Are our non vital needs more important than the earth’s needs? These questions are the basis of the philosophical theory of deep ecology. A theory developed by philosopher Arne Naess and George Sessions in 1984 (McLaughlin, pg 2). An idea that human non vital needs are not more important than nature’s needs ( Palmer,299). Deep ecology is centered around two basic principals: First that we must see the world in a ecocentric view rather than an anthropocentric view. This would allow us to focus on the needs of every life system on the planet rather than just human needs. Second, that all humans need to experience some self realization: â€Å" Inst ead of identifying with our egos or our immediate families, we would learn to identify with trees, animals and plants, indeed the whole ecosphere.† (Zimmerman) Perhaps one of the most influential philosophers of deep ecology is the author Edward Abbey. Decades ahead of his time, Abbey addressed and provided his answers to those questions that our society will most certainly be facing in the future. He has written twenty books, twelve of which are non fictional, describing his experiences in the american wilderness. Born in Pennsylvania, Ed Abbey spent most of his adult life in the wilderness of the American west writing to defend it from being turned into another human settlement. The essay â€Å"Freedom and Wilderness† from The Journey Home-some words in defense of the American West, Provides us with his look specifically correlating with the ideas of deep ecology. We need wilderness because we are wild animals... Because...

Ancient Mayan Architecture - Temples and Palaces

Ancient Mayan Architecture - Temples and Palaces The Maya were an advanced society that flourished in Mesoamerica long before the arrival of the Spanish in the sixteenth century. They were skilled architects, building great cities of stone that remain even a thousand years after their civilization fell into decline. The Maya built pyramids, temples, palaces, walls, residences and more. They often decorated their buildings with intricate stone carvings, stucco statues, and paint. Today, Maya architecture is important, as it is one of the few aspects of Maya life that is still available for study. Maya City-States Unlike the Aztecs in Mexico or the Inca in Peru, the Maya were never a unified empire ruled by a single ruler from a single place. Rather, they were a series of smaller city-states who ruled the immediate vicinity but had little to do with other cities if they were far enough away. These city-states traded with and warred upon one another frequently, so cultural exchange, including architecture, was common. Some of the more important Maya city-states were Tikal, Dos Pilas, Calakmul, Caracol, Copn, Quirigu, Palenque, Chichà ©n Itz and Uxmal (there were many others). Although every Maya city is different, they tended to share certain characteristics, such as general layout.​ Layout of Maya Cities Maya tended to lay their cities out in plaza groups: clusters of buildings around a central plaza. This was true of the impressive buildings in the city center (temples, palaces, etc) as well as smaller residential areas. These plazas are rarely neat and orderly and to some, it may seem as if the Maya built anywhere they pleased. This is because they Maya built on the irregularly-shaped higher ground to avoid floods and dampness associated with their tropical forest home. In the center of the cities were the important public buildings such as temples, palaces, and the ball court. Residential areas radiated out from the city center, growing sparser the further they got from the center. Raised stone walkways linked the residential areas with each other and the center. Later Maya cities were built on higher hills for defense and had high walls surrounding most of the city or at least the centers. Maya Homes The Maya kings lived in stone palaces in the city center near the temples, but the common Maya lived in small houses outside the city center. Like the city center, the homes tended to be bunched together in clusters: some researchers believe that extended families lived together in one area. Their modest homes are thought to be much like the homes of their descendants in the region today: simple structures constructed mostly of wooden poles and thatch. The Maya tended to build up a mound or base and then build upon it: as the wood and thatch wore away or rotted they would tear it down and build again on the same foundation. Because the common Maya were often forced to build on lower ground than the palaces and temples in the city center, many of these mounds have been lost to flooding or encroaching wilderness. The City Center The Maya built great temples, palaces, and pyramids in their city centers. These were often mighty stone structures, over which wooden buildings and thatched roofs were often built. The city center was the physical and spiritual heart of the city. Important rituals were done there, in the temples, palaces, and ball courts. Maya Temples Like many Maya buildings, Maya temples were built of stone, with platforms on the top where wooden and thatch structures could be built. Temples tended to be pyramids, with steep stone steps leading to the top, where important ceremonies and sacrifices took place. Many temples are graced by elaborate stone carvings and glyphs. The most magnificent example is the famous Hieroglyphic Stairway at Copn. Temples were often built with astronomy in mind: certain temples are aligned to the movements of Venus, the sun or the moon. In the Lost World Complex at Tikal, for example, there is a pyramid which faces three other temples. If youre standing on the pyramid, the other temples are aligned with the rising sun on equinoxes and solstices. Important rituals took place at these times. Maya Palaces The Palaces were large, multi-storied buildings which were home to the king and royal family. They tended to be made of stone with wooden structures on top. Roofs were made of thatch. Some Maya palaces are spacious, including courtyards, different structures that were possibly homes, patios, towers, etc. The palace at Palenque is a good example. Some of the palaces are quite large, leading researchers to suspect that they also acted as a sort of administrative center, where Maya bureaucrats regulated tribute, trade, agriculture, etc. This was also the place where the king and noblemen would interact not only with the common people but also with diplomatic visitors. Feasts, dances, and other community social events could also have taken place there. Ball Courts The ceremonial ball game was an important part of Maya life. Common and noble people alike played for fun and recreation, but some games had important religious and spiritual significance. Sometimes, after important battles in which important prisoners were taken (such as enemy noblemen or even their Ahau, or King) these prisoners would be forced to play a game against the victors. The game represented a re-enactment of the battle, and afterward, the losers (which were naturally the enemy nobles and soldiers) were ceremonially executed. Ball courts, which were rectangular with sloped walls on either side, were prominently placed in Maya cities. Some of the more important cities had several courts. Ball courts were sometimes used for other ceremonies and events. Surviving Maya Architecture Although they were not on a par with the legendary Inca stonemasons of the Andes, Maya architects built structures which have withstood centuries of abuse. Mighty temples and palaces at places like Palenque, Tikal, and Chichen Itza survived centuries of abandonment, followed by excavation and now thousands of tourists walking and climbing all over them. Before they were protected, many ruin sites were scavenged by locals looking for stones for their homes, churches or businesses. That the Maya structures have survived so well is a testament to the skill of their builders. The Maya temples and palaces that have withstood the test of time often contain stone carvings depicting battles, wars, kings, dynastic successions and more. The Maya were literate and had a written language and books, of which only a few survive. The carved glyphs on temples and palaces are therefore important because there is so little remaining of the original Maya culture. Source McKillop, Heather. The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. New York: Norton, 2004.

Online poker Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Online poker - Research Paper Example shall be taken care of by the provision of online poker as it aims to provide a more secure setting for gambling and consequential feuds, vendettas and other illegitimate participatory activities. The most significant advantage, however, is vested in the fact that poker rakes will bring large amounts of revenue to the government. The revenue generation is steadily building over the years and it is not surprising that the gambling profits for the government are almost doubling over a period of every five years which makes online poker a very promising arena for revenue generation. Furthermore, the expansion of the poker during recent times such as improved disposable earnings giving customers additional time for relaxation and entertaining activities and the altering socio-demographic traits have worked as stimulants to customer using money on poker and other gambling activities reassuringly make it a sound ground for government

Business Law Case Brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Law Case Brief - Essay Example Karen Howsam had a right to choose the arbitrator. Karen Howsam decided to forward the case to the national association of security dealers for arbitration. NASD’S codes of the allowed arbitration procedure stipulate that no dispute is eligible for submission once there is a lapse of six years. The plaintiff, Dean Witter Reynolds, filed a complaint to the federal district court asking the court to declare the case ineligible. Dean Witter further asked the court to block the defendant Karen Howsam from filing for arbitration. He cited the lapsed six years as a basis for the illegibility. On the appeal of the case, the court of appeal looked into the district court ruling that they had no right to interpret and apply the existing NASD rule. The court of appeal for the tenth circuit reversed the district court rule. It stated that the case had abitrability concept, and the court had a right to rule on the time limit provision. They held that the arbitrator had to apply the time limit rule in the underlying dispute. According to Henry (2009), the arbitrator may decide on cases that are substantive in their nature while the court rules on cases that are procedural. The court ordinarily may rule on the question of abitrability. Justice Stephen G Beyer delivered the ruling based on the opinion of various judges. The judges agreed that the NASD rule on the time limit was a matter to be decided on by the arbitrator presumptively. The issue did not raise a question of abitrability that could call for resolving by the judiciary. NASD’s time limit rule falls within a class of the gateway procedural disputes that do not present abitrability. The question of abitrability can only be ruled by the judiciary unless the parties have a provision stating clearly otherwise. It has a limited scope and, can only be applicable in few circumstances where the contracting party’s would have

Mexicans and Discrimination Essay Example for Free

Mexicans and Discrimination Essay Wetback, spic and beaner are a few of the words people use when talking about a Mexican. Mexican Americans have been the victim of discrimination throughout the history of the United States. Mexicans have a very big stereotype against them. One of the main reasons that they are discriminated against is because of their illegal immigration into the United States. Like many other groups Mexicans immigrated to the United States in search of a better life. Many Mexicans are left with no choice but to come to the U. S illegally because of the cost and obstacles that one has to go through to become a citizen. Because many Mexicans come to the U. S. illegally they are often forced to work physically demanding jobs for less money. Mexican Americans have a long history of experiencing nativism and racism which has resulted in a number of discriminatory conditions and consequences such as, social and geographical segregation, employment discrimination, patterns of abuse at the hands of law enforcement officials, vigilante murder and justice, substandard education, electoral fraud, exclusion from petit and grand juries, forced dislocations from their neighborhoods, voter intimidation, and language discrimination. (Galaviz 2007) Mexicans work under the secondary sector of the Dual labor market. The secondary Dual Labor market has low incomes, little job security, and little training. There are also no rewards apart from wages. Mexicans are forced to work for very low wages either because, as non-citizens, they lack options, or because they may realistically perceive themselves as best off here, even at very cheap wages, than they were back home. (Aponte 1990) For example, many companies offer very poor working conditions and minimum wage because they know that illegal immigrants have no choice but to accept these conditions because of their status. After the United States victory in the Mexican-American War in 1848 a forced treaty was signed. The treaty was known as Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This treaty required Mexico to give up over half its land to the United States in exchange for 15 million dollars. Land given up by Mexico included California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo also guaranteed that Mexican citizens living in surrendered lands would be able to keep property rights and would be given United States citizenship if they remained in surrendered lands for at least one year. However, the property rights of Mexicans were ignored by the United States government and local officials. Mexicans were slowly forced from lands which their families had held for generations in many cases. Many organizations, businesses, and homeowners associations had official policies to exclude Mexican Americans. In many areas across the Southwest, Mexican Americans lived in separate residential areas, due to laws and real estate company policies. This group of laws and policies, known as redlining, lasted until the 1950s, and fall under the concept of official segregation. In many other instances, it was more of a general social understanding among Anglos that Mexicans should be excluded. For instance, signs with the phrase No Dogs or Mexicans were posted in small businesses and public pools throughout the Southwest well into the 1960s. Mexicans were also restricted from being jurors, even if the case involved a Mexican. Schools also discriminated against Mexican children and eventually Mexicans were made to open their own schools. Though times have changed Mexicans are still discriminated against because of the stereotype they are associated with. Many believe that all Mexicans come over here illegally and do not deserve the same rights as citizens do. Even now people believe that Mexicans should be sent back to Mexico and an example of that is Phoenix, Arizona and its Immigration Law.

Odysseus: Heroes Essay -- essays research papers

Odysseus: Heroes A hero is a brave and strong person, who is also very human. A hero feels fear and every other emotion that we do. A true hero is a person who does something great and does not expect to be given any thing in return. A hero does something that effects a large number of people. A hero thinks more of others than he or she thinks of him or her self. The characters in the poem, "Women", and The Odyssey are both epic heroes. Odysseus is a strong and brave man, but I think he lacks one of the major characteristics of a hero. I think he thinks of himself more than of others. I think the characters in the poem, "Women," are better heroes because they can be related to easier. I don't think the poem characters are like an epic hero because they are less into them selves than an epic hero. They also seem to have done lesser things, I mean epic heroes always do something so great, like take twenty men on, or lead an army to victory. Everyday heroes seem to be more realistic and do something that's great, but its not written up in every news paper in the country. Odysseus is a brave man that did great things. In The Odyssey he conquers a monster using smarts and strength. He also looks out for his crew mates. He is faithful to his wife, well, in his mind he is. He kills many men on his own in a battle at his home. He cries a coupl...

Causes of Prejudice

Prejudice is an opinion that is not based on actual evidence or experience. In â€Å"Causes of Prejudice,† Vincent Parillo describes the psychological and sociological reasons of prejudice. Among these causes, frustration is defined to produce a prejudicial attitude towards others. Parillo explains in his work that throughout history, minority groups have been used as scapegoats to take the blame for certain events. He clarifies that scapegoating is the act of blaming others for an incident that is not their fault.This idea is also visible in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, in the art where a lawyer named Atticus tries to prove an African American innocent who has been falsely charged with raping a white woman. Therefore, both Parillo's â€Å"Causes of Prejudice† and Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird support that frustration is a cause of prejudice because of an increase in aggression towards a scapegoat. To begin with, frustration is caused by relative deprivation, which is the lack of resources in an individual's environment when compared to others.This results in aggression towards a scapegoat in order to relieve this tension. â€Å"Frustrated people ay easily strike out against the perceived cause of their frustration. However, this reaction may not be possible because the true source of the frustration is often too nebulous to be identified or too powerful to act against† (Parillo 583). His view is also seen in To Kill a Mockingbird, when Mayella Ewell claims Tom Robinson has raped her. Atticus tries to prove to the Jury that Tom Robinson in fact did not rape Mayella and that she, a white woman, kissed Tom, a black man.Mayella is an Ewell; a very poor family in the town of Maycomb and therefore she has to live through tough onditions which include living behind the garbage dump, barely having any money to support her dad and seven siblings, as well as being beaten by her own father. Most importantly, she is frustrated t hat she always feels dissatisfied with her life since she was never able to experience any happiness by being isolated from the rest of the world. Therefore, she tries to at least kiss a black man to feel some sense of happiness.When she realizes it is condemned by society, her frustration increases partly because society is not allowing her to have a small amount of happiness, and o she shows her aggression by blaming Tom Robinson for raping her. In addition, aggression resulted from frustration is pinpointed towards scapegoats because they share similar characteristics of being vulnerable to blame. â€Å"The group must be (1) highly visible in physical appearance or observable customs and acations; (2) not strong enough to strike back; (3) situated within easy access of the dominant group .. † (Parillo 584). To Kill a Mockingbird takes place in southern Alabama in the 1930's. This was the time period where prejudice against African Americans was present. Segregation was pre sent because having white skin was een to be better than having black skin. This simple difference in skin color resulted in an unfair treatment of African Americans. Separate bathrooms, drinking fountains, churches, and schools resulted for African Americans and whites. Also, since whites felt that the blacks were inferior to them, they tended to assume all blacks were unintelligent.When Mayella copes with her frustration of being isolated from the rest of the world by blaming Tom Robinson, the court looks at his skin color instead of the evidence given tor this case. Even though Atticus provides plenty ot evidence that roves that it was impossible for Tom to commit the rape of Mayella, Tom is still found guilty because even if Mayella is part of the lower class of Maycomb, she is still a white woman, making her superior to Tom Robinson.It is evident that frustration plays an important role in determining prejudicial attitudes. Both the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee and â€Å"Causes of Prejudice† by Vincent Parillo, agree that frustration is caused by relative deprivation and when aggression forms, the blame is placed on scapegoats. These scapegoats share similar characteristics which allow them to be vulnerable to the blame that falls upon them.

Effective ways to improve communication Essay

Teenagers and their parents need to increase their communication in order to have a strong relationship. It is very important that they cooperate so that they can reach a common goal. Some tips to improve communication for parents are being there for their teenager children, learning to talk while in motion, risk making a change, being honest, sharing their hopes and dreams, and creating a comfortable environment by listening. Some methods for teenagers are opening up and sharing about their thoughts and feelings with their parents. There are several ways to improve the communication between teenagers and parents. Parents need to find quality time out of their busy schedule to talk with their children. Parents should take advantage of everyday opportunities or plan a simple activity for just themselves and their children, such as watching television. Talking to teenagers is basically the same thing as talking to adults. Most teenagers are overstressed, overworked, preoccupied and, in many cases, just simply distant from their parents. They need lively adults who are present and awake. In this way, parents could spend time with their children, engaging in activities that suit their age and interests. Teenagers always seem to be on the move. Teenagers are action machines because they do not like sitting still. They have the added distraction of being inside bodies pulsing with energy and strength. If parents really want to connect with a teenager, they need to get active with them, such as challenging them to a basketball game. Teenagers know their parents as well as their values, rules and weaknesses. They also know just what to say and how to maneuver around their parents. The problem is that they do not really expect their parents to ever change the way they think or act. Teenagers thrive on surprise and love to think odd thoughts. Parents should try to be a little surprising and do something completely unexpected and unpredictable. Young adults appreciate the opportunity to relate in a way that was completely unpredictable and different for their parents. Young adults deserve honest answers and explanations because this is what  strengthens the children’s ability to trust. By being open and honest, parents can express their values in a caring way. Parents do not often want to show their mistakes and past errors because they are unwilling to seem imperfect. Parents should tell teenagers some of their own secrets and try to be outgoing. They should try and set an example for their teenagers so that the teenagers will learn from their honesty. Although parents should always communicate with their teenagers, they have to remember not to talk too much. Teenagers hate listening to long lectures. Parents need to avoid repetition of lectures which might bore teenagers. Also, parents should not continue on about different subject that the teenagers are not ready to hear. Teenagers don’t have much of a past, and so they live in the future. Parents need to capture what it is that rivets teenagers’ attention the most – their imagination pertaining to the future and what’s important to them. Not many parents will sit down with their children and openly discuss the future without any boundary, agenda or parental rigidity. Teenagers will search until they find someone who will dream with them. They will look forward to the opportunity to explore their future with someone they truly care about and who really wants to hear about their dreams. Parents should always create a climate in which the teenager feels free to discuss anything. In order to create an atmosphere in which teenagers can ask any questions without the fear of consequences, parents need to be encouraging, supportive and positive. This will show teenagers that the parents can be of help in solving problems, and they will not be fearful of speaking out. Parents need to take them away from places and things that can distract them. They have to listen attentively because when parents talk to teenagers after careful listening, they are more informed and aware of the situation. Parents need to remember that young adults need an open mind and some guidance during adolescence more than any other period in their lives. If they fear that their parents will discourage them from being truthful by displaying disappointment and disapproval, they will pull away fast and will not return that easily. Parents have to be curious and ask questions about  teenagers’ ideas and feelings to get to know them and their world. Parents should be prepared to just listen and accept the simple truth that teenagers feel what they feel, no matter how irrational it may sound. It is important for teenagers and their parents to find ways to communicate their point of view, which will encourage the other person to listen. They need to avoid blaming the other person and not be judgmental. They should stay in the present and not refer to the past. They have to look for solutions together and be prepared to compromise. These are some ways to improve communication between parents and teenagers.

Facing the Worst

Facing the Worst Facing the Worst Facing the Worst By Maeve Maddox The English word face may be used as either a noun or a verb, as illustrated by these citations from the Oxford English Dictionary: The skullis divided into two parts, the Cranium and the Face. (noun) He faced his critics head-on andleft with his dignity intact. (verb) As a transitive verb, face means, â€Å"to show a brave or strong face to; to meet (danger, an enemy, or anything unpleasant) face to face; to oppose with confidence or defiance; to confront and deal with.† As a transitive verb used either as a main verb or in its -ing form, face requires an object: You face a difficult decision, and you must deal with it. (direct object: â€Å"a difficult decision†) The most common problem facing poor households is late payment of rent or utilities. (direct object: â€Å"poor households†) Some common expressions with the verb face are: face the consequences/ face the music: to receive the unpleasant results (often punishment) of one’s actions. Japan tells world to stand up to China or face consequences Labour calls for Brownlee to face the music face the facts: confront the truth of a situation. Time to face the facts on immigration In some expressions, face is used as a phrasal verb: face up to: accept the existence of a difficult situation. He needs to face up to his past. face off: engage in a direct confrontation or contest. GOP Assembly candidates to face off in August 12 primary Because I’m used to seeing facing used transitively, with a direct object, I was surprised to encounter this use of facing followed by an adverb phrase: Katniss, like many of her dystopian YA counterparts, faces a conflict larger than man vs. nature – shes man vs. man,  facing against an oppressive government. More idiomatic usage would be, â€Å"facing an oppressive government,† or â€Å"fighting against an oppressive government.† I found similar usage in two comments relating to popular music: I believe that Wish Upon a Blackstaris about the struggle greed brings to the world, and facing against the oppression caused by it. Songs that follow, like Corrupted and [the] album closer Invincible, continue the theme of defiance and facing against oppression in whatever forms they may appear. Facing is often followed by against in the context of facing traffic: You  must not park on a road at night facing against the direction of the traffic flow. If there is no sidewalk and you have to  walk  on the road,  walk facing against traffic. In any other context, following facing with against strikes my ear as unidiomatic: Any tips for facing against the Nova matchup? Ancelotti on facing against Manchester United Tired of facing against Shaman bots A few more expressions with the verb face: face up to: accept that a difficult situation exists. Labour must face up to its past mistakes. face head on: confront a problem directly and openly. Japan will face the robotic jobocalypse head-on, by mastering robots before they master us. face into: turn directly toward something. It’s cold as you face into the wind. face down: to confront someone or something boldly and bravely. Austria to face down World Bank over burning bondholders. face forward: to direct one’s focus to the future. I was deeply impressed that, despite all of your difficult experiences, you embody such passion to face forward and build the future together. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?3 Types of HeadingsPreposition Mistakes #3: Two Idioms

EPR Paradox in Physics - Definition and Explanation

EPR Paradox in Physics - Definition and Explanation The EPR paradox (or the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox) is a thought experiment intended to demonstrate an inherent paradox in the early formulations of quantum theory. It is among the best-known examples of quantum entanglement. The paradox involves two particles that are entangled with each other according to quantum mechanics. Under the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, each particle is individually in an uncertain state until it is measured, at which point the state of that particle becomes certain. At that exact same moment, the other particles state also becomes certain. The reason that this is classified as a paradox is that it seemingly involves communication between the two particles at speeds greater than the speed of light, which is a conflict with Albert Einsteins theory of relativity. The Paradoxs Origin The paradox was the focal point of a heated debate between Einstein and Niels Bohr. Einstein was never comfortable with the quantum mechanics being developed by Bohr and his colleagues (based, ironically, on work started by Einstein). Together with his colleagues Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen, Einstein developed the EPR paradox as a way of showing that the theory was inconsistent with other known laws of physics. At the time, there was no real way to carry out the experiment, so it was just a thought experiment or gedankenexperiment. Several years later, the physicist David Bohm modified the EPR paradox example so that things were a bit clearer. (The original way the paradox was presented was somewhat confusing, even to professional physicists.) In the more popular Bohm formulation, an unstable spin 0 particle decays into two different particles, Particle A and Particle B, heading in opposite directions. Because the initial particle had spin 0, the sum of the two new particle spins must equal zero. If Particle A has spin 1/2, then Particle B must have spin -1/2 (and vice versa). Again, according to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, until a measurement is made, neither particle has a definite state. They are both in a superposition of possible states, with an equal probability (in this case) of having a positive or negative spin. The Paradoxs Meaning There are two key points at work here which make this troubling: Quantum physics says that, until the moment of the measurement, the particles do not have a definite quantum spin but are in a superposition of possible states.As soon as we measure the spin of Particle A, we know for sure the value well get from measuring the spin of Particle B. If you measure Particle A, it seems like Particle As quantum spin gets set by the measurement, but somehow Particle B also instantly knows what spin it is supposed to take on. To Einstein, this was a clear violation of the theory of relativity. Hidden-Variables Theory No one ever really questioned the second point; the controversy lay entirely with the first point. Bohm and Einstein supported an alternative approach called the hidden-variables theory, which suggested that quantum mechanics was incomplete. In this viewpoint, there had to be some aspect of quantum mechanics that wasnt immediately obvious but which needed to be added into the theory to explain this sort of non-local effect. As an analogy, consider that you have two envelopes that each contain money. You have been told that one of them contains a $5 bill and the other contains a $10 bill. If you open one envelope and it contains a $5 bill, then you know for sure that the other envelope contains the $10 bill. The problem with this analogy is that quantum mechanics definitely doesnt appear to work this way. In the case of the money, each envelope contains a specific bill, even if I never get around to looking in them. Uncertainty in Quantum Mechanics The uncertainty in quantum mechanics doesnt just represent a lack of our knowledge but a fundamental lack of definite reality. Until the measurement is made, according to the Copenhagen interpretation, the particles are really in a superposition of all possible states (as in the case of the dead/alive cat in the Schroedingers Cat thought experiment). While most physicists would have preferred to have a universe with clearer rules, no one could figure out exactly what these hidden variables were or how they could be incorporated into the theory in a meaningful way. Bohr and others defended the standard Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, which continued to be supported by the experimental evidence. The explanation is that the wave function, which describes the superposition of possible quantum states, exists at all points simultaneously. The spin of Particle A and spin of Particle B are not independent quantities but are represented by the same term within the quantum physics equations. The instant that the measurement on Particle A is made, the entire wave function collapses into a single state. In this way, theres no distant communication taking place. Bells Theorem The major nail in the coffin of the hidden-variables theory came from the physicist John Stewart Bell, in what is known as Bells Theorem. He developed a series of inequalities (called Bell inequalities), which represent how measurements of the spin of Particle A and Particle B would distribute if they werent entangled. In experiment after experiment, the Bell inequalities are violated, meaning that quantum entanglement does seem to take place. Despite this evidence to the contrary, there are still some proponents of the hidden-variables theory, though this is mostly among amateur physicists rather than professionals. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Drunk Drivers Should Have Their License Revoked Essay

Drunk Drivers Should Have Their License Revoked - Essay Example Most of the drivers who cause accidents because of driving under the influence of alcohol do not get the punishments that they deserve. In most cases, they have their licenses suspended for a few weeks and have to pay a fin. In some cases, they do not even get their licenses suspended. This means that they are legally allowed to go out and drive again. This increases the chance that they will repeat the drunken driving offense. It is interesting to note that most of those who cause accidents while driving drunk have previously committed the offense. The only way to ensure that people who have been found to be driving under the influence do not repeat the offense is revoke their licenses permanently. The permanent revocation of the license is punishments that will make people avoid committing the offense, as they do not want to lose their licenses. Driving while under the influence of alcohol is a choice that the driver makes, and it is a choice that puts him and other people at the risk of injury or of death. As such, it is necessary to harsh penalties to be imposed on those found to be guilty of the offense. The harsh consequences of the action should not have to wait until a person has committed the offense repeatedly. A penalty as strict as the revocation of a license is enough to make people avoid committing the offense. It therefore acts as a deterrent measure (Ross and Gonzales 380). ... The permanent revocation of the license is punishments that will make people avoid committing the offense, as they do not want to lose their licenses. Driving while under the influence of alcohol is a choice that the driver makes, and it is a choice that puts him and other people at the risk of injury or of death. As such, it is necessary to harsh penalties to be imposed on those found to be guilty of the offense. The harsh consequences of the action should not have to wait until a person has committed the offense repeatedly. A penalty as strict as the revocation of a license is enough to make people avoid committing the offense. It therefore acts as a deterrent measure (Ross and Gonzales 380). Another reason as to why people found to be driving while having alcohol levels that exceed the legal limits should have their licenses revoked is that suspension of licenses has not been found to work. The temporary suspension of licenses does not achieve the intended purpose as most drivers find it too lenient and are therefore likely to repeat the offense. The permanent revocation of the license is a stricter penalty and will deter people from drunk driving. If one is allowed to have their license after driving under the influence of alcohol, it is likely that they will cause an accident that may lead to the loss of life. Some people argue that permanent revocation of a license will not work as people may still drive even without the license. It is also argued that despite the strict penalties for drunken driving people still drink and drive. This assertion is however incorrect as it has been seen that penalties for drunken driving are

Exploring Song Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exploring Song - Essay Example This paper is an analysis of the poem, â€Å"Dear March, Come In!† in a musical setting. It will explain the choices made in order to place the song in a musical setting. It will then compare the poem with a recorded version of the song, â€Å"Dream Variations† and finally draw conclusions on whether there were any effects of the recorded version of the song to the poem. Part I: Poem Analysis in a Musical Setting The poem, â€Å"Dear March, Come In!† is a cheerful song, one in which the author expresses joy and happiness in the arrival of the month of March. In the poem, the speaker, while expressing his joy to the arrival of March, uses different expressions and words to explain his feelings. In a musical setting, I would use the through-composed form of music in order to express these feelings of the speaker. Since through-composed form contains different music for every stanza, and the poem has different ideas and mixed feelings in the various stanzas, then, t his would be the best way to go about the song. In a musical setting, using the correct singers, combined with the right instruments is the best way of creating the best record song. In a musical setting, due to the high range of the poem, I would use singers with a high range of voice, signifying the mood of the song, which is cheerful. As the song starts, I would use baritone, which is the voice falling between tenor and bass. Coupling this with tenor, which is the highest male voice, I would get a good combination expressing the speaker’s feelings in the song. The entire sing would then have a rich tenor. However, there would be the harmony in the singer’s voices in the last stanza. These, combined with the piano, a saxophone and a violin would blend well enough to make a great piece. While creating a musical setting of the poem, I would use a number of musical elements in order to get the right combination and come up with a great piece. Texture in a song, often re garded as the density, thickness, range, or width between the lowest and the highest pitches, determines the relationship between the various voices in a particular song (Stein 64). A song texture comprises of the monophony, homophony or polyphony. While monophony describes a clear text setting, polyphony describes a less clear setting. Since the poem, â€Å"Dear March, Come In!† has a clear text setting, I would use monophony in the first and second stanzas, but later switch briefly to homophony at the beginning of the third stanza to the line, â€Å"As soon as you have come†, but pick up homophony from the line, â€Å"That blame is just as dear as praise.† Tone in a song describes the system or the language of music, describing the hierarchical relationship between the pitch, based on the key centre. Tone in a song could be either happy or sad (Rumery web). In a musical setting of the poem, â€Å"Dear March, Come In†, there are tonal variations in the v erses, as the singer expresses his emotions to March. At the beginning, the author indicates a cheerful tone, one that shows delight and the happiness of the singer, in celebration of March. However, after the stay and April knocks on the door, the author shows reluctance in opening the door. This shows some of sadness, after realizing that match is about to leave. Analysis and Comparison After listening to the recorded version of the song, it is possible to draw a number of conclusions.

International Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Theory - Essay Example s came about, and two of these theories emerged to what we presently know as the English School and the Classical Liberalism theories in international relations. These theories shall be discussed and differentiated in this paper. Classical liberalism believes that if people are given as much freedom as possible, the principles of authoritarianism shall eventually fade away, democracy shall have a chance to emerge, and wars will eventually cease to exist. Classical liberalism in international relations has four main beliefs. First and foremost, classical liberalists believe that peace can best be achieved through the more widespread application of democratic principles. Classical liberalism prescribes to the notion of institutional liberalism, in the sense that it desires for more nations to be more democratic in their political approach. They believe that democracy epitomizes the perfect breeding ground for peace within and among nations. Secondly, they believe that naturally harmonious interests will help ensure that citizens and states â€Å"make rational calculations which make national interest and international interest one and the same† (O’Connor, 2008). They advocate the belief that the state preferences, not the state capabilities determine the behaviour of the state. It therefore has a high degree of tolerance for various preferences. Thirdly, disputes should be settled by the set judicial procedures under the rule of law. Classical liberalism stresses that the rule of law is applicable to states, not just to people. It advocates that it is possible to identify aggressors and belligerents; therefore, it is also possible to come up with an effective coalition of states opposing such violators. Finally, collective security would replace notions of self-help. They agree that different states may have different preferences, and that governments actually make the decisions to go to war, not people. And they ultimately prefer adherence to the

The Garden City Movement: Development and Impacts

The Garden City Movement: Development and Impacts THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT The Garden City Movement was invented by Sir Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928) (Couch, 2014). It was first described in his book Garden Cities of To-morrow, published in 1902 (Ebenezer Howard, 2014). The Garden City Model introduced the application of some basic planning principles which are still in use today. It consists of self-sufficient communities surrounded by greenbelts with planned proportionate areas in agriculture, housing, commerce and industry (Audiopedia, 2014). This essay discusses the creation and development of the theoretical and planning principles of the Garden City Model and its success in solving economic and social problems of densely populated cities in UK. It also discusses the modification of these principles and their applications in modern planning theories. The search for an ideal city was due to the intense industrialization and resulting urbanization of major UK cities about the late 19th century. There were many social, economic and commercial activities in large cities, thereby causing high levels of migration from less developed regions in the UK towards these cities. This excessive immigration resulted in issues like; overpopulation, housing shortage, high rents, air pollution, urban slums and lack of sunlight and open spaces (Howard, 1902). According to (Fishman, 1982), Howard perceived the economy to be corrupt, inhumane, inefficient and unhealthy(see Fig 1,2). Fig. 1 Hine (1912) Fig. 2 Industrial Cities (n.d.) Analyzing the issues developed by the rapid urbanization, Howard noticed a contrasting phenomenon in the  countryside. The countryside suffered from; depopulation, lack of amusement, lack of society, capital and labour. The town had all that the country was lacking and vice-versa. Howard then sort to combine the best aspects of  the town and the country in formation of the garden city (Ebenezer Howard, 2014). Fig. 3 The Three Magnets. (1902) Redefining the town and countryside as magnets, the people as needles, and man’s socio-economic desires  as attraction, Howard realized the theory of The Three Magnets, introducing the third alternative; the Town-Country Magnet (Howard, 1902).The Town- Country offers; high wages, social opportunities, and places of amusements, healthy living conditions, low rents, and large parks (Howard, 1902). Howard believed that the Town-Country would enhance the enjoyment of human society and the beauty of nature simultaneously (Fishman, 1982). In order to achieve the socio-economic aspects of the Town-Country, the ideal city would run by communal land ownership, whereby, the rent would be the main source of revenue, employed by municipality(governing body) in the creation and maintenance of public amenities, old age pensions, and accident insurance (Howard, 1902). The Garden City was to be built from scratch on agricultural land, which had low ecological value, thereby increasing the value of the land, so that it could generate significant revenue through rent for municipality (Howard, 1902). Fig. 4 Garden-City. (1902). Fig. 5 Ward and Centre Garden-City. (1902). The spatial plan of a sector of the city Although the Garden City Model is very descriptive, it is not a morphological but rather socio-economic illustration of principles (Butcher, 2010). Planned in a concentric pattern, with six radial boulevards, on a site of 6000 acres, the Garden City would have a population of 32,000 people (Audiopedia, 2014). In the centre of the city lies a public garden, surrounded by the public buildings which includes; hospital, library, museum, picture-gallery, town hall, concert hall and theatre (John, 2014). The succeeding space is the central park for recreational activities. These large parks are more of country features, but they perform much better in the town-country because of the increment in population. Beyond the central park is the crystal palace a circular glass arcade, for commercial activities (John, 2014). Placement of the crystal palace beside the central park shows Howard’s intentions of connecting human activities with nature. Before the invention of Howard’s pri nciples, commercial zones in the cities rarely had parks and open spaces, because of the high value of land. It is now a common planning practice today to have open spaces in commercial areas. Beyond the crystal palace are houses with tree lined streets, additional parks occupied by public schools, playgrounds and churches (John, 2014). On the outskirts of the city are industries with direct access to the railway, saving cost of packaging and cartage and transportation of goods from the train to and fro factories (John, 2014). The rest of town beyond the railway is utilized as agricultural land held by various individuals and organizations and also providing alternative farm job opportunities to the working class without separating them from the city (Howard, 1902). This agricultural land also serves as a barrier to urban sprawl, as it cannot be built on. As shown in Figure 6, the use of green belts to control urban sprawl is still evident in UK cities today. Fig. 7 Group of Slumless Smokeless Cities. (1902). Considering the fact that town country community is bound to reach its population capacity due to its socio-economic advantages, Howard envisioned as series of garden cities, separated by green belts and connected by roads and railways, with the central city having a population of 58000 (see Fig.7). The introduction of these series also controls the excessive migration to cities with more attractions. Fig. 8Letchworth-1925 Poster. (n.d.) Fig. 9 Original plan of first Garden City, Letchworth 1904. (n.d.) Howards Garden city model was directly experimented on two towns; Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City. Letchworth was the first Garden City ever built (Ebenezer Howard, 2014). It lies on a train line, 35 miles from London, located in Herdfordshire, England, and it covers an area of 5,500 acres, which used to serve as agricultural land with little or no value (Ebenezer Howard, 2014). Although Letchworth was not designed in a regular concentric pattern, it follows the zoning principles of the Garden City Model. In other to build Letchworth, Howard needed funding, but he did not get any financial support from the government. I suppose it was because the development of his ideal city had no positive effect on the pre-existing cities, which have been invested heavily upon. The idea of destroying or ignoring pre-existing cities to rebuilt perfect ones was also the basis of many other revolutionists in solving the industrial crisis. This approach displays the lack of consideration of the fina ncial requirements in the realization of ideal cities. According to Audiopedia (2014), Howard got financial support only from private investors who were concerned with their personal profits, rather than the communal growth of Letchworth City. As a result, Howard forwent the idea of communal land ownership with no landlords (Audiopedia, 2014). Fig. 9 Aerial photo of Letchworth Garden City (n.d.) Fig. 10 Howard Park (n.d.) Fig. 11 Broadway Gardens (n.d.) Letchworth was environmentally successful, with lots of open spaces and public parks healthy living conditions and beautiful tree-lined streets, most of which remain today (Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation, 2014). The city attracted firms because of the cheap rent and surplus space, resulting from its earlier use as agricultural land. It also attracted residents, as the living conditions were favorable. Due to the fact that the implementation of communal land ownership was ignored, the rents were not cheap, they could only be afforded by skilled white collar workers (Audiopedia, 2014). Letchworth failed partially as an independent community because of the improved transportation system which made it easier to connect to London. Welwyn, the second Garden City, 20 miles from London, performed just as well as Letchworth, but it lacked public, commercial and industrial buildings, which caused it to depend heavily on London for socio-economic activities. Due to the physical success of Letchworth, the principles of the Garden city were applied to various developments worldwide and in most cases it has been misconceived as the development of suburbs. The New Towns Act 1946, implement by the government after World War II. was inspired by the Garden City Movement (Audiopedia, 2014). The Act, involved the designation of land for the development of garden suburbs in U.K (New Towns Act 1946, 2014). The development of ne towns meant the suburbanization of cities, which was the antithesis to Howard’s theory (Audiopedia, 2014). Despite it’s contradiction Howard thoery, the New towns succeeded in offering healthy living conditions, and maintaining the population density, but they were not economically independent. Fig. 12 Uxcester Garden City. (2014) Fig – new suburbs in blue, pre-existing city in grey. Recently, the Uxcester Garden City; an imaginary city, inspired by the Garden City Model, was announced the winner of the 2014 Wolfsons Economic prize (Sweet, 2014). It was initiated as a solution to the current U.K housing shortage crisis. It is a combination of the planning principles of the Garden City and the suburbanization scheme of the New Towns. Unlike, the Garden City, it is not built from scratch, but rather gradually incorporated into pre-existing cities. The scheme involves the development of residential communities on agricultural green belts, which are presently considered to have low ecological value (Sweet, 2014). Fig. 13 Uxcester Garden City. (2014). Organic representation of Uxcester. Each community is planned to have half it’s area designated to; forests, public parks and lakes (Sweet, 2014). These new residential communities would require reliable transportation systems, linking them to the city centre, which provides the most social activities. On the other hand, the new suburbs will revitalize the city centre by channeling new demand for what is on offer there (Sweet, 2014). Although the scheme involves suburbanization of cities, it observes the Garden City objectives, which includes the provision of healthy living conditions to ordinary people and socio-economic independence. The Garden City Model inspired the New Towns Act and Uxcester Garden City. It has had a major effect on town planning, which has a direct effect on human behavior. Howard’s principles have recently been adopted in the development of Uxcester Garden City scheme for solving housing shortage problem U.K is facing today. Although the effect Uxcester will have on U.K. housing has not been decided, I think the further development of suburbs would either increase the lack of job opportunities or increase the volume of commercial buildings in the city centre. It will then be up to architects to ensure healthy working conditions in these city centres. References Aerial photo of Letchworth Garden City. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://www.letchworth.com/heritage-foundation/news-and-blog/media-enquiries [Accessed 6 Jan. 2015]. Audiopedia . (2014).Garden city movement. [Online Video]. 13 November. Available from:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_MacpHZ-Bk. [Accessed: 03 January 2015]. Broadway Gardens. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://www.letchworth.com/heritage-foundation/news-and-blog/media-enquiries [Accessed 6 Jan. 2015]. Butcher, L., 2010. ARCHITECTURE + URBANISM. [ONLINE] Available at: http://architectureandurbanism.blogspot.co.uk/2010/10/ebenezer-howard-garden-cities-of-to.html [Accessed 03 01 2015]. Couch, A. (2014) Arch 221 Urban Studies Week 4 Lecture: Note taking skills from lectures and readings, Liverpool: School of Architecture. Fishman, R., 1982. Urban Utopias in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Garden-City. (1902). [image] Available at: http://longstreet.typepad.com/thesciencebookstore/2008/09/history-of-the.html [Accessed 1 Jan. 2015]. Group of Slumless Smokeless Cities. (1902). [image] Available at: https://socialethicsoundideasandfreedom.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/garden-city.png [Accessed 3 Jan. 2015]. Hawkes, J. (n.d.).Houses, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire. [image] Available at: http://stock.jasonhawkes.com/media/8d181e48-3248-11e1-900f-1127b07b6f75-houses-welwyn-garden-city-hertfordshire [Accessed 6 Jan. 2015]. Hine, L. (1912).New York: Tenements. [image] Available at: http://www.allposters.com/-sp/New-York-Tenements-1912-Posters_i8677584_.htm [Accessed 6 Jan. 2015]. Howard, E., 1902. Garden Cities of To-morrow. [ONLINE] Second Edition ed. s.l.: Sonnenschein Co., Ltd. Available at: https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/h/howard/ebenezer/garden_cities_of_to-morrow/complete.html#chapter7. [Accessed 01 January 2015]. Howard Park. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://www.letchworth.com/heritage-foundation/news-and-blog/media-enquiries [Accessed 6 Jan. 2015]. Industrial Cities. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://johnsonschneider.weebly.com/ [Accessed 6 Jan. 2015]. John W. Reps,. 2014.Garden Cities Of Tomorrow. [ONLINE] Available at: http://urbanplanning.library.cornell.edu/DOCS/howard.htm [Accessed 02 January 15]. Letchworth-1925 Poster. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/11/11.001j/f01/lectureimages/6/image31.html [Accessed 5 Jan. 2015]. Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation, (2014).Letchworth Garden City. [online] Available at: http://www.letchworth.com/heritage-foundation/letchworth-garden-city/quick-facts [Accessed 5 Jan. 2015]. Louis de Soissons, Welwyn Garden City town plan. (1921). [image] Available at: http://cashewnut.me.uk/WGCbooks/web-WGC-books-1975-1.php [Accessed 6 Jan. 2015]. Sdoutz, F. (2015).à ¢- ± GARDEN CITIES Howard, Unwin Parker, Lutyens, de Soissons Links. [online] ARCHITECTURETHEORY.NET. Available at: http://www.mediaarchitecture.at/architekturtheorie/garden_cities/2011_garden_cities_links_en.shtml [Accessed 5 Jan. 2015]. Lucey, N. (1973).The Effect of Sir Ebenezer Howard and the Garden City Movement on Twentieth Century Town Planning. 1st ed. [ebook] Hertfordshire: Norman Lucey. Available at: http://www.rickmansworthherts.freeserve.co.uk/howard1.htm#snd [Accessed 5 Jan. 2015]. New Towns Act 1946. (2014).Wikipedia. [online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Towns_Act_1946oldid=621188191 [Accessed 6 Jan. 2015]. Sdoutz, F. (2015).à ¢- ± GARDEN CITIES Howard, Unwin Parker, Lutyens, de Soissons Links. [online] ARCHITECTURETHEORY.NET. Available at: http://www.mediaarchitecture.at/architekturtheorie/garden_cities/2011_garden_cities_links_en.shtml [Accessed 5 Jan. 2015]. Sweet, R. (2014). Welcome to Uxcester, the imaginary city that has British planners in a flap. Global Construction Review. [online] Available at: http://www.globalconreview.com/sectors/welcome-uxcester-imaginary-city-has36392725british/ [Accessed 6 Jan. 2015]. The Three Magnets. (1902). [image] Available at: http://longstreet.typepad.com/thesciencebookstore/2008/09/history-of-the.html [Accessed 1 Jan. 2015]. U.K. Green Belts. (2014). [image] Available at: http://www.estatesgazette.com/blogs/london-residential-research/2014/02/green-belt-fit-21st-century/ [Accessed 6 Jan. 2015]. Uxcester Garden City. (2014). [image] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/545656/urbed-s-bold-proposal-to-reinvigorate-the-garden-city-movement/ [Accessed 6 Jan. 2015]. Original plan of first Garden City, Letchworth 1904. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://lunaprod.library.cornell.edu/images/RMC/Size4/RMC0129/RMC2011_0602.jpg?userid=10username=administratorresolution=4servertype=JVAcid=10iid=CORNELLvcid=NAusergroup=Facultyprofileid=2 [Accessed 5 Jan. 2015]. Ward and Centre Garden-City. (1902). [image] Available at: http://longstreet.typepad.com/thesciencebookstore/2008/09/history-of-the.html [Accessed 2 Jan. 2015]. Ebenezer Howard. (2014).Wikipedia. [online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard [Accessed 5 Jan. 2015]. Welwyn Garden City. (2014).Wikipedia. [online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_City [Accessed 5 Jan. 2015].

Country of Origin Meat Labeling :: essays research papers

A large problem that has arose in our country is Country of Origin (COO) meat labeling. Imported meat is not labeled with its origin and has become a great problem because of the lack of universal packaging and processing laws. The United States imports meat from 26 foreign countries. This means when you buy a package of hamburger from your local grocery store it could contain meat from anywhere in the world. Other countries meat isn’t the same quality as US meat. Some meat comes from countries such as china where it is legal to feed livestock ground up bone meal from scraped animals. In which that bone meal can carry such diseases such as mad cow disease or a variety of other ailments. Other variances to US policy are things such as pesticides (rodent killer), insecticides (bug killer), and herbicides (weed killer). And when these poisons are used around livestock, they eat them also and are incorporated into the meat you buy at the supermarket. Furthermore, some foreign countries have no sanitation in the way livestock are produced. Some are grown on disease and urine infected water and food. So without labeling of meat origins, the consumer does not know what they are buying which should be immediately changed. The opposition to meat labeling laws claims it is â€Å"too much regulation and cost to gyrate through unnecessary protocols just to label the meat†. But obviously the opposition really has no defense and just doesn’t want their product to plummet once the truth is shown to the consumer. Once labels are applied to meat countries with notorious standards and unsanitary practices will be justly shut out of the market.

Virtual Child Essay

I was asked to create and answer questions about a virtual child. When I was told this was an assignment I thought â€Å"this should be easy†. Boy was I wrong! I found many things can affect the outcome of my child. If I am too strict or too easy, the child’s behavior will show this. Over time, this will also affect the child’s temperament. I have learned that some of my classmates’ virtual children are harder to get along with and require more discipline then others. I decided to just trust my instinct and answer the questions as if they were for a real child. In this report you will see how my answers affected my virtual daughter Alexis and, my experience throughout the duration of the assignment. 0-8 MONTHS 1. How does your baby's eating, sleeping and motor development compare to the typical developmental patterns? ~Alexis’s motor skills are typical for her age, crawling, sitting up, and standing up, but not walking yet. Her sleeping habits are normal for her age. Infants normally sleep sixteen-seventeen hours a day. For the first week or so Alexis wasn't very hungry and actually lost a little weight, she has now started eating and has gained back some of the weight she lost. . At 8 months of age was your child an â€Å"easy†, â€Å"slow-to-warm-up†, or â€Å"difficult† baby in terms of Thomas and Chess's classic temperamental categories? On what do you base this judgment? ~Alexis was an easy baby. She had a positive disposition and her body functions operated regularly. She is mostly positive and shows intens e interest in her surroundings. She smiles at familiar people and toys, and she is able to laugh at funny and is developing lots of cute little habits. 3. How is your child's attachment to you and your partner developing? What is happening at the 3-month and 8-month periods that might affect attachment security according to Bowlby and Ainsworth, and various research studies? ~Alexis is more attached to me than my partner. She is able to focus her eyes on me and she studies my face. When Alexis started daycare she would usually cried when I dropped her off but got over it quickly. Now she is use to it and doesn’t seem to have any problem with it. 8-18 MONTHS 1. Describe and give examples of changes in your child's exploratory or problem solving behavior from 8 through 18 months and categorize them according to Piagetian and information processing theories. Note that 8 months is included, so you'll need to use the time-line to look back at 8 months for examples. ~When Alexis was 8 months she was in substage 3 based on Piaget’s 6 substages. . I played a hiding game with Alexis, she could find the object when I hid it in the same spot but was unable to find it if I put it in a different place. Now Alexis is in the substage 4, based on Piaget’s 6 substages. I played a hiding game with Alexis again and she was able to find the object even after long delays and seemed to think this is was great game. 2. Analyze your baby's temperament in more detail at 18 months than you did at 8 months. How would you describe your baby in terms of the five aspects of temperament utilized by the Virtual Child program (activity, sociability, emotionality, aggressiveness vs. cooperativeness, and self-control)? Has Alexis's temperament been stable over the first 18 months? A blurb defining and providing examples of the five aspects of temperament is provided at 12 months, but you should seek out further explanations of temperament from your textbook. Explain how the concept of goodness of fit (also discussed in the blurb on infant temperament) applies to your interactions with your child. Alexis is very active and is a very social baby. She isn’t aggressive at all and she cooperates very well. I play with Alexis and introduce her to new things and she seems to enjoy it very much. 3. Were you surprised by anything in the developmental assessment at 19 months? That is, does your perception of your child's physical, cognitive, language and social development differ from that of the developmental examiner? Give specific examples. If you were not surprised, write instead about some aspects of your child's development that need the most work. I was very surprised that Alexis scored above average in all aspects of language development and she was above age-norms for building a block tower to model one made by the examiner and other skills such as copying shapes, coloring within the lines and solving picture puzzles. 2 YEARS OLD 1. Have there been any environmental events in your child's first 2 1/2 years that you think might have influenced his or her behavior? On what do you base your hypotheses? ~She is now in preschool and I think it has been difficult for her because she isn't use to the new caregiver and environment. Another instance is she was in an accident with her tricycle and she is now afraid to ride it. 2. How is your child progressing on typical toddler issues, such as learning household rules, learning to follow routines, listening to you, developing self-control and learning to get along with other children? ~She has been doing well with learning household rules and listing to me. Sometimes she looks guilty when she breaks something, or embarrassment when she has a potty accident. She gets along with other children good. 3. Analyze your own parenting philosophy and practices. What principles from social learning theory, Bowlby, Ainsworth, Piaget, Vygotsky, information processing theory, developmental neuroscience and other theories do you appear to have relied on in making your parenting choices or interpreting your child's behavior? Include three principles/theorists from the above list in your answer. ~My parenting practices and philosophy come from my experience as a child. I remember when I was young my parents didn’t really push me to succeed and learn new things. I want my child to explore and learn as much as she can. My parents were also lenient when it came to me getting in trouble which made me do worse things when I was older because I knew the consequences wouldn’t be so bad. That made me want to be a strict parent. 3 YEARS OLD 1. What activities and experiences you and your child have engaged in might be promoting healthy behavioral practices and an interest in physical activity? ~Alexis like to play hide and seek and likes to play sports for a short time. I think this will help her be more interested in sports when she gets older which, will make her an active child, reducing the chance of obesity. . Describe development of your child’s language and cognitive skills and discuss how these might be affecting his or her interactions with you ; your responses. ~Alexis’s language development is very good. She likes to tell people about things she has done, but she sometimes leaves out details. When I hear her telling stories I ask questions to help her to fill in a few detai ls. Alexis is also fascinated with her new baby sister Ashlynn and tells everyone about her. 3. How well is your child adapting to social situations in the home and outside the home? Does your child have any behavior or emotional problems at this point? Why do you think these problems are occurring and what are you doing about them? ~Alexis clings more to adults and only has a few friends in preschool. The only behavioral problem she has is acting up in public places and she is somewhat anxious and unsure of herself in social situations. I think these problems are occurring because she is constantly around adults. I’m going to invite a few friends over and have play dates to help her get use to children. 4 YEARS OLD 1. How would you characterize your parenting style? How have your specific parenting techniques changed since infancy? In what ways do you think your parenting style, or any other aspect of your parenting, has been influenced by your cultural background or other experiences? ~My parenting style is Authoritative. I set rules and boundaries and if they are not followed there are repercussions but, at the same time I am a loving parent and I am emotionally supportive. My parenting techniques have been about the same since Alexis was a baby. I don’t think my parenting skills have been influenced by my cultural background at all. My experiences might have influenced my parenting because I was treated horribly when I was a child so I know I don’t want my child treated like that. 2. Describe two specific examples of changes in your child's behavior at age 4 that seem to stem from growth in cognitive and language ability since the period of infancy (e. g. , improvements in symbolic thinking, reasoning, knowledge of the world, theory of mind). ~Alexis’s symbolic thinking and reasoning has grown a lot since infancy. She is above average in her problem solving skills and language abilities. She can solve problems with more than two steps and she can complete full sentences. 3. How would you characterize your child's personality? Would you say that your child is primarily overcontrolled, undercontrolled or resilient? Support your argument. ~Alexis is in the overcontrolled category. She is cooperative, and follows the rules, but she is very shy in social situations and anxious and clingy under pressure. For example, when she is in class and is asked to join a group for work she gets very unsure of herself and clings to the teacher. 6 YEARS OLD . How well is your child adapting to social situations in the home and outside the home? Does your child have any behavior or emotional problems at this point? Why do you think these problems are occurring and what are you doing about them? ~Alexis is doing well in social situations she has made more friends and she isn’t as clingy towards adults as she was before. Alexis still acts up on occasion in public places but overall has been doing great. 2. Do you notice any improvements in cognitive and language skills since age 4? Give specific examples. Does your child have any special needs with regard to cognitive or language development at this point and what do you plan to do? ~Alexis’s cognitive and language skills are above average. Alexis’s memory is getting better. She beats me on memory games such as Concentration because she remembers where the cards are located. But when she tells people about things that happened to her, she leaves a lot of details out and sometimes gets the order wrong. I join in the retelling of the experience, prompting Alexis with questions, rather than just butting in and telling it myself. . Which aspects of your child's behavior and personality reflect continuities from earlier behavior (e. g. , at ages 3-4 years) and which seem to be novel for this age level? ~Alexis doesn’t act up in public places anymore like she used to. But she does like to cheat when we play games. Her personality is about the same a sweet girl who sometimes gets nervous and shy and looks to an adult to help her out. She has made more friends. Alexis has become a kind of quiet leader of her small group of friends in first grade. She is still a bit shy, but well-liked by the other kids YEARS OLD 1. How smart is your child, and in what areas? Think back to the blurb on multiple intelligences that appeared at age 6. Find specific evidence regarding your child's verbal, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical and bodily-kinesthetic intelligence from your observations of your own child as well as the psychologist's report at age 8 years, 11 months. ~Alexis is very smart for her age. She is grate in solving problems, telling stories, and she is very talented in piano and singing. Alexis Demonstrates strength in her reading and writing. Alexis is able to hold her own in conversations with adults, and uses some surprisingly difficult words in her speech. She also is beginning to use this vocabulary in her writing for school. Areas of speaking and listening and in content knowledge of social studies and science, areas of mathematical problem solving, understanding of data and number concepts and, in the areas of spatial understanding and visual arts. 2. Describe some examples of your child's behavior or thinking that you think are due to typical American gender role socialization and explain why you think so. Several examples can be found at ages 6 and 8. How closely does your attitude toward gender roles correspond to typical American attitudes, and if there is a discrepancy, to what do you attribute this (e. g. , cultural background, attitudes of your own parents, etc. )? ~Alexis likes to follow me around and do what I do. Alexis enjoys playing sports with one of her friend’s brothers, and sometimes Alexis will also play sports with some of the boys on the block. Alexis is able to play with both boys and girls at school, but mostly plays with girls. I have taught Alexis that she can do whatever she want’s. Such as being a police women or a sports athlete. I grew up playing with cars and toy soldiers as well as Barbie dolls to me it doesn’t matter what gender you are. 3. How might your child's development have been different if s/he was raised by people with a different socioeconomic, ethnic or cultural background? Base your answer on specific evidence of SES/cultural differences from the textbook and class lectures. ~Different cultures have different views on how a child should be raised. For instance a child in a Chinese household would have to focus more on school and less on activities and would have much stricter rules. Or a female child in a Hispanic culture would focus more on home economics. 10 YEARS OLD 1. Describe your child's academic skills between ages 6 and 10 and assess how well these skills are developing. The 5th grade report card will be useful for this but you should also incorporate your own observations. What are you doing to help your child? ~Alexis demonstrates strength in all areas of reading, and in spelling and appropriate for grade level in writing. Alexis s also demonstrating strength in the areas of speaking and listening and in content knowledge of social studies and science, in the areas of mathematical problem solving, understanding of data, number concepts, graphical applications, and arithmetic computation, in the area of art as well as in area of music. She is very smart. I help her by introducing her to new things and encouraging her to write, work on music and her art work. 2. How well is your child adapting to social situations in the home and outside the home? Does your child have any behavior or emotional problems at this point? Why do you think these problems are occurring and what are you doing about them? ~Alexis is doing good in outside social situations. She is already adept at social networking. She adds photos to the family page every so often and sends messages to her friends. Alexis likes to go on weekends and hang out there with one or two friends. At home she sometimes fights with her sister Ashlynn. Sometimes Alexis gets upset in stressful situations inside or outside the classroom, and will withdraw from activities or become anxious or moody. She usually improves before the day is over. When she fights with her sister I put her in time out and tell her what she did wrong and why it is wrong. 3. Has your parenting changed since the preschool period and if so, why do you think it has changed and what effect might this have on your child? Refer to your textbook or lecture notes for evidence on typical changes in parenting that occur in middle childhood. ~I don’t think my parenting has changed at all. I’m still a strict but loving parent and I still help Alexis excel in her school and music and other activities that interest her. 12 YEARS OLD 1. Describe any physical or behavioral signs of incipient puberty. Alexis argues with me more, mostly about clothes bedtime and chores but otherwise we get along pretty well. I have to renegotiate household rules more then I use to with Alexis. And I have to make reasonable concessions, such as a later bedtime in exchange for more chores. Alexis has shown an interest in boys and likes to talk about hot actors or music ians. I’ve also noticed she’s been reading magazine articles about sex. Alexis thinks she’s too fat due to a growth spurt. She has taken to staring at herself in the mirror and refusing to wear certain clothes that she thinks make her look big. She seems to be more interested in hanging out with her friends than studying, and tries to get out of doing homework. Alexis has been getting teased for not wearing a bra because she is developing. 2. How would you characterize your child at this point in terms of the under-controlled, over-controlled or resilient categories? Have there been any changes since the preschool period and why might they have occurred? ~Alexis is now in the undercontrolled category she does not follow the rules, and has a tendency to become distracted and overly emotional, particularly when under stress. When she was in preschool she was undercontrolled. I believe these changes have occurred because she has hit puberty and has entered a sort of rebellious stage. 3. Using the 7th grade report card and your own observations, summarize your child's academic skills at this point. What specific activities might promote some of these skills? ~Alexis is still doing great in school making straight A’s. She needs to focus more on time management, working independently in the class room and finishing homework on time. Some activities to promote her good grades would be to encourage her to keep it up. 5 YEARS OLD 1. What activities and experiences at ages 12 and 14 has your teen been involved in that might promote healthy behavioral practices, physical fitness and skill in sports? ~Alexis tried out for the high school dance team and made it. Alexis practices routines and stretches at home quite often. She also played a little bit of Tennis one summer. She likes to do outdoorsy things lik going camping. I believe these things will help promote healthy behaviors. 2. Have there been any changes in your teen's behavior toward you or your partner? Why are these occurring and how are you responding? Alexis occasionally gets upset and becomes cranky or gives us the silent treatment when we have discussions about issues such as bedtime, chores, curfew, clothing choices, music choices, etc. , but otherwise we get along pretty well. When we have discussions and she gets like this I drop it and talk to her about it more once she has calmed down. 3. Do you see any examples of how cognitive and physical changes in early adolescence (ages 12-14) relate to your teen's social or emotional behavior? ~Now that she’s older she wants to hang out with friends more and she’s a lot more social. She was a little emotional about her body because of the changes puberty brought on. Along with puberty came a lot of emotional ups and downs. 16 YEARS OLD 1. Think about your teen's cognitive strengths and weaknesses and how they are reflected in his or her school grades and activities from 14-16 years of age. What careers or courses of study might be best suited to your teen's abilities and interests? ~Based off of Alexis’s grades and interest, I think she would be best suited for a career in science, art, or music. She has excelled in these three subjects and she enjoys them very much. The most practical career would most likely be in science. 2. How important have your teen's relationships with peers been to his/her social development, emotional well-being and school achievement from 14-16 years of age? ~It has been very important to her social development and wellbeing. It has helped her socially by getting her interested in things teens her age should be interested in and has made her emotional well-being much better. It hasn’t helped her school achievements much, she would rather hang out with her peers instead of doing homework or working on school things. 3. How has your teen adjusted at 14-16 years of age to typical adolescent issues such as risk-taking, drugs, alcohol, and sexual interests, and how have you responded to your teen? ~She has experimented with alcohol, I talked to her and grounded her. She has been dating a boy for a few months and says she’s in love so I talked to her about sex, birth control and condoms. 18 YEARS OLD 1. As the program ends, what pathways does your child appear to be on in terms of physical, cognitive, social, emotional and moral development? To what extent could you have predicted these pathways based on what you knew of your child's earlier development? Describe some specific ways in which you think your parenting mattered for your child's development, based on evidence from the course regarding the contributions of parents to child development. ~I think Alexis will continue dancing and she is on a great path for education. She had magnificent grades and did great on her PSAT’s. I believe she will get into a great college and have a great career. She has good social skills and even though she is a little emotional I think she will make good friends in the future. Her moral development is good she knows what’s right and what’s wrong and I think she will act accordingly. I knew Alexis would be smart from the time she was little. She always wanted to learn and she always did great in her academics. My parenting skills helped her achive as much as she did because I always encouraged her to learn and do what made her happy but at the same time I was strict and made sure what she needed to get done was done. 2. Describe some specific ways in which your child developed that appeared to be influenced by factors outside your control, such as genes, random environmental events or the general influence of contemporary middle-class American culture. I think her shyness was probably a genetic factor. I also think that her school environment and the influence of other children her age made her the way she is. Our culture also influenced her with music and T. V. 3. Bonus Question: Are there any issues you had with your parents, your school work, your friends, or your romantic involvements in the last year of high school that continued to be issues for you in coll ege? Reflect on your own personality, interests and cognitive abilities at the time you graduated high school. How did these personality characteristics and abilities manifest themselves in subsequent years? How have they changed since your high school days, if at all? ~My last year of high school my foster mother passed away which really affected my school work which made college harder for me. I love music it’s my passion and I think when I left high school I focused more on it because I had more time to do so. When I first started my virtual child I figured it would be easy, and at first it was. After I created my user name and password I was prompted to answer a few questions to help determine my baby’s gender and inherited traits. A few minutes later my virtual daughter Alexis was born. I have to say that doing virtual child was by far a great experience. I was very eager to do this project because I believed it would show me what kind of mother I will be when I decide I’m ready for children in real life. A few weeks after Alexis was born she was somewhat lethargic, didn’t want to eat very much, and she hadn’t gained much weight. When I read this I was a little worried. I then read that I took her to a pediatrician and he said it was nothing serious. I thought it was a little strange as well so I looked it up. I learned that it is normal for newborn babies to stay around the same weight or even lose weight within the first few weeks, after that, babies generally start eating more and gaining weight. I also learned when a baby loses weight they can become lethargic from lack of energy due to not eating enough. A short time passed and Alexis was eating heartily and gaining weight back. While raising Alexis I learned a lot of things. Like that genetics play a key part in her temperament. For example, the questionnaire I answered at the beginning asked me about my sleeping habits, and I answered that I slept often and I was told that Alexis sleeps virtually all the time. At every stage, I learned something new about the stages of development. When Alexis was five weeks old I wanted Alexis to be curious about her environment so I gave Alexis a lot of audio stimulation, including talking to her, singing to her, and putting on music for her to listen to. At eighteen months Alexis was very interested in music, and often danced to the rhythm. Then when Alexis was five she impressed everyone who heard her with her singing ability and ability to play songs by ear on the portable keyboard. I think playing music for her when she was a baby influenced this. At three months, Alexis started to make sounds like she was trying to speak to me. So I would encourage her by talking back with her. One of the things I thought was cute about Alexis was that she would smile at familiar people and toys, and she was able to laugh at surprising or funny things like playing peek-a-boo. Alexis also preferred people over objects and smiled and interacted with nearly everyone. This made me feel good about how I was raising her. One part of the program said that my â€Å"mother† would come over and watch Alexis while I went out with my â€Å"husband† but I would call and check on her often. I think I would probably do that in real life. I think good mothers always worry about their children. When Alexis was fifteen months old, I noticed she would often study things in her environment and perform simple little experiments with them, almost like a little scientist. Right away I thought it was interesting. I found out later on when she was older that she enjoyed science very much. I thought to myself, wow, things that you do when you are young carry on in to your older years. This made me think about what I was interested in when I was younger. When I was about four I sang in church and now I’m twenty-two and I still love to sing and write lyrics. I had never thought about it before and I thought it was cool to compare it with my life. When Alexis was ten she got into social networking. I was kind of shocked to learn this. Even though I know computers and internet are very common these days, I wasn’t aware such young children were using social networks such as Facebook. When I was ten I didn’t even know what a computer was. Coming from my background and my raising I do not think I would let my child on a social network until they were at least fourteen. I just believe there are too many predators on the internet to let a ten year old join Facebook. A few times in the program Alexis told me that I was more supportive and approving of her than the average parent. She also said that I was stricter than most of the other children’s parents. Even though Alexis is a virtual child this comment made me feel really good. When I do have a child this is exactly the kind of parent I want to be. When I was growing up my parents were not very supportive of me at all and they were extremely strict. I do not want to be like that so knowing I was making the right choices brought me great joy. In Alexis’s teenage years she started becoming more isolated and emotional. She started spending a lot of time in her room and was very moody. She also became a lot less corporative. At first I thought it was because I did something wrong but, I started thinking about myself and other teenagers I know. From my own experience I figured out that that is just something that comes with puberty. Realizing that this was normal for teens, it helped me see that not everything was my foster parents fault when I was a teen, some of it was actually me. I believe this information will also help me when I have a teenager of my own. When Alexis was sixteen she got a part time job at a grocery store. This was an important thing for me. When I was fifteen I got my first job and it helped me become more independent. I was able to save money during the summer and buy my own school clothes and did not have to rely on my parents for much. It made the transition from living with parents to living on my own a lot easier. I think this will help Alexis strengthen her independence when she becomes an adult. Alexis was a straight A student all through school. This made me feel extremely proud of my virtual daughter. I believe that school is a very important part of having a successful life. When I was in school I strived to do my best so that I could go to college and have a great life. This experience with my virtual child was a very important one. To know my child was doing excellent in school told me I was doing something right in my parenting method. Some things that I found challenging in this assignment was the fact that there was not as much information as I thought there would be and what information was there was very spread out. I think it would have been easier if during the infant years they gave information for every month instead of every three months. Also some of the information given to was a kind of confusing and I did not agree with some of the answers to the questions because, in my mind, I could come up with so much more scenarios. My virtual child definitely challenged me and putt my mind to work. Some of the things that were easy for me during this project is the fact that at the end of each stage they gave a parent and child evaluation information. This helped me with my assignment it showed where I was at as a parent and what I needed to work on. My virtual child all in all was an excellent experience for me. To raise a child from birth to adulthood is very interesting. It helped me understand more about my human development class and I think it prepared me to be a wonderful parent in the future. My virtual child also helped me see where my all my parents were coming from when I lived in different homes and each of their own individual parenting methods. I also learned a lot from this experience about children. I know information that I probably wouldn’t have learned anywhere else. Mostly, I think my personality made this experience even better for me. The fact that I love children and projects made this fun for me which helped me get through the program.